Atlas of climatology and variability in the GFDL R30S14 GCM / Michael A. Alexander, James D. Scott

C S5-J;t\T G/a

Atlas of Climatology and

Variability in the

GFDL R30S14 GCM

Michael A. Alexander and James D. Scott

60N

30N

-16-12-8-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

University of Colorado
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Climate Diagnostics Center

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

December, 1995

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

••» *. ::

r
.' .f ■

http://archive.org/details/atlasofclimatoloOOalex

Atlas of Climatology
and Variability in the
GFDL R30S14 GCM

Michael A. Alexander

James D. Scott

University of Colorado

CIRES

December, 1995

Pennsylvania State University
Libraries

FEB 1 5 1996

Documents Collection
U.S. Depository Copy

University of Colorado

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Climate Diagnostics Center
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

Notice

Mention of a commercial product does not constitute an endorsement by the Univer-
sity o\ Colorado or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Use for
publicity or advertising purposes, of information from this publication concerning
propriet} products or the tests of such products, is not authorized.

Cover Illustration: 200mb U wind speed (m/s) for December, January, February mean conditions
from the GFDL R30S14 model run.

Acknowledgments

The GCM used in this study was developed by the Climate Dynamics Group at the
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, headed by Syukuro Manabe. Peter Phil-
lips performed the R30S14 GCM simulation and also provided the model documen-
tation and output. We are grateful to Isaac Held and Gebriel Lau for their careful
review and many suggestions for improving the Atlas. We would also like to thank
Jeff Whitaker and Mark Borges for their comments.

This Atlas was developed as part of the GFDL-University Consortium project, which
is sponsered by the Office of Global Programs at the National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration.

in

Tabic of COntonts:

1 isi of Figures page v

1 isi of Symbols page xii

1 . Introduction page 1

2. Data Analysis page 1

3. References page 4

4. Zonal Mean Vertical Cross-sections page 6

5. Seasonal Means on Pressure and Sigma Surfaces page 28

6. Seasonal Mean Surface Plots page 72

InterannuaJ Variability: Interannual Standard Deviations and EOF's page 91

8. Middle Latitude Processes page 101

9. Tropical Processes page 1 16

IV

List of Figures:

Figure i: R30 Model Topography (m) page 5

Figure 1: Zonal Wind (m/s) and Potential Temperature (° K)

for DJF and MAM page 6

Figure 2: Zonal Wind (m/s) and Potential Temperature (° K)

for JJA and SON page 7

Figure 3: Meridional Wind (m/s) for DJF and MAM page 8

Figure 4: Meridional Wind (m/s) for JJA and SON page 9

Figure 5: Meridional Mass-Stream Function (xlO kg/s)

for DJF and MAM page 10

Figure 6: Meridional Mass-Stream Function (xlO10 kg/s)

for JJA and SON page 11

Relative Humidity (%) for DJF and MAM page 12

Relative Humidity (%) for JJA and SON page 13

Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for DJF and MAM page 14

Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for JJA and SON page 15

Fractional Cloudiness (%) for DJF and MAM page 16

Fractional Cloudiness (%) for JJA and SON page 17

Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) for DJF and MAM page 18

Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) for JJA and SON page 19

Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C • m/s)

for DJF and MAM page 20

Figure 16: Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C-m/s)

for JJA and SON page 21

Figure 17: 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C • m/s)

for DJF and MAM page 22

Figure 18: 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C • m/s)

for JJA and SON page 23

Figure

7:

Figure

8:

Figure

9:

Figure

10

Figure

11

Figure

12

Figure

13

Figure

14

Figure

15

Figure 19: Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum (m~/s2)

for DJF and MAM page 24

Figure 20: Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum (m2/s2)

for JJA and SON page 25

Figure 1 1 : 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum

(m2/s2) for DJF and MAM page 26

Figure 22: 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum

~> i ~>

(m-Vs-) for JJA and SON page 27

Figure 23: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean

(°C) Northern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 28

Figure 24: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean

(°C) Northern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 29

Figure 25: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean

( °C) Southern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 30

Figure 26: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean

(°C) Southern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 31

Figure 27: 500mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(ni) Northern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 32

Figure 28: 500mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Northern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 33

Figure 29: 500mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Southern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 34

Figure 30: 500mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Southern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 35

Figure 3 1 : 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Northern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 36

Figure 32: 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Northern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 37

Figure 33: 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

On) Southern Hemisphere for DJF and MAM page 38

200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean

(m) Southern Hemisphere for JJA and SON page 39

200mb Zonal Wind (m/s) for DJF and MAM page 40

VI

Figure 36: 200mb Zonal Wind (m/s) for JJA and SON page 41

Figure 37: 200mb Meridional Wind (m/s) for DJF and MAM page 42

Figure 38: 200mb Meridional Wind (m/s) for JJA and SON page 43

Figure 39: 200mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for DJF page 44

Figure 40: 200mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for MAM page 45

Figure 41: 200mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for JJA page 46

Figure 42: 200mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for SON page 47

Figure 43: 850mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for DJF page 48

Figure 44: 850mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for MAM page 49

Figure 45: 850mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for JJA page 50

Figure 46: 850mb Wind Speed and Vectors (m/s) for SON page 5 1

Figure 47: 850mb Velocity Potential (xlO6 m2/s) for DJF and MAM page 52

Figure 48: 850mb Velocity Potential (xlO6 m2/s) for JJA and SON page 53

Figure 49: 200mb Velocity Potential (xlO6 m2/s) for DJF and MAM page 54

Figure 50: 200mb Velocity Potential (xlO6 m2/s) for JJA and SON page 55

Figure 5 1 : 850mb Stream Function (x 1 06 m2/s) for DJF and MAM page 56

Figure 52: 850mb Stream Function (xlO6 m2/s) for JJA and SON page 57

Figure 53: 200mb Stream Function (xl06m2/s) for DJF and MAM page 58

Figure 54: 200mb Stream Function (xlO6 m2/s) for JJA and SON page 59

Figure 55: 850mb Specific Humidity (g/kg) for DJF and MAM page 60

Figure 56: 850mb Specific Humidity (g/kg) for JJA and SON page 61

Figure 57: 500mb Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for DJF and MAM page 62

Figure 58: 500mb Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for JJA and SON page 63

VII

Figure 59: 1 .o\\ I c\ el Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.997, 0.979, 0.935 (%)

for DJF and MAM page 64

Figure 60: I .ow Level Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.997, 0.979, 0.935 (%)

for JJA and SON page 65

Figure 61: Mid Level Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.568, 0.46 (%)

for DJF and MAM page 66

Figure 62: Mid Level Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.568, 0.46 (%)

for JJA and SON page 67

Figure 63: High Level Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.355, 0.257 (%)

for DJF and MAM page 68

Figure 64: High Level Clouds: Composite of sigma levels 0.355, 0.257(%)

for JJA and SON page 69

Figure 65: Mass Weighted Vertical Integral of Net Diabatic Heating

(°C/day) for DJF and MAM page 70

Figure 66: Mass Weighted Vertical Integral of Net Diabatic Heating

(°C/da\) for JJA and SON page 71

Figure 67: Precipitation (mm/day) for DJF and MAM page 72

Figure 68: Precipitation (mm/day) for JJA and SON page 73

Figure 69: Mean Sea Level Pressure (mb) for DJF and MAM page 74

Figure 70: Mean Sea Level Pressure (mb) for JJA and SON page 75

Figure 7 1 : Wind Speed (m/s) for DJF and MAM page 76

1 igure 72: Wind Speed (m/s) for JJA and SON page 77

Figure 73: Wind Stress (N/m2) for DJF and MAM page 78

Figure 74: Wind Stress (N/m2) for JJA and SON page 79

Figure 75: Sensible Heat flux (W/m2) for DJF and MAM page 80

Figure 76: Sensible Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA and SON page 81

Latent Heat Flux (W/m2) for DJF and MAM page 82

Figure 78: Latent Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA and SON page 83

VIII

Figure 79: Short Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for DJF and MAM page 84

Figure 80: Short Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for JJA and SON page 85

Figure 81: Long Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for DJF and MAM page 86

Figure 82: Long Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for JJA and SON page 87

Figure 83: Net Surface Heat Flux (W/m2) for DJF and MAM page 88

Figure 84 Net Surface Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA and SON page 89

Figure 85 Net Surface Heat Flux (W/m2) for Annual Average page 90

Figure 86: Standard Deviation of 500mb Height (m) for DJF and MAM page 91

Figure 87: Standard Deviation of 500mb Height (m) for JJA and SON page 92

Figure 88: Standard Deviation of 200mb Zonal Wind (m/s)

for DJF and MAM page 93

Figure 89: Standard Deviation of 200mb Zonal Wind (m/s)

for JJA and SON page 94

Figure 90 Standard Deviation of Sea Level Pressure (mb)

for DJF and MAM page 95

Figure 91 Standard Deviation of Sea Level Pressure (mb)

for JJA and SON page 96

Figure 92 500mb Height EOF 1 and 2 for DJF page 97

Figure 93 500mb Height EOF 1 and 2 for MAM page 98

Figure 94 500mb Height EOF 1 and 2 for JJA page 99

Figure 95 500mb Height EOF 1 and 2 for SON page 100

Figure 96 3-10 Day filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Heat Flux

(°C • m/s) for DJF and MAM page 101

Figure 97 3-10 Day filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Heat Flux

(°C- m/s) for JJA and SON page 102

Figure 98 3-10 Day filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Moisture Flux

(g ■ m/kg ■ s) for DJF and MAM page 103

i\

Figure 99 3-10 Day filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Moisture Flux

{g m kg s) for JJA and SON page 104

Figure 100 3- 1 0 Day filtered 200mb Flux of Zonal Momentum (m2/s2) for

DJFandMAM page 105

Figure 101 3-10 Day filtered 200mb Flux of Zonal Momentum (m2/s2) for

JJA and SON page 106

Figure 102 3-10 Day filtered 200mb Kinetic Energy (m2/s2) for

DJFandMAM page 107

Figure 103 3-10 Day filtered 200mb Kinetic Energy (m2/s2) for

JJA and SON page 108

Figure 104 3-10 Day filtered Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C • m/s) ,

averaged 35N-55N, for DJF and MAM page 109

Figure 105 3-10 Day filtered Transient Meridional Heat Flux (°C ■ m/s) ,

averaged 35N-55N, for JJA and SON page 110

Figure 106 3-10 Day filtered Flux of Zonal Momentum (m2/s2), averaged

35N-55N, for DJF and MAM page 1 1 1

Figure 107 3-10 Day filtered Flux of Zonal Momentum (m2/s2), averaged

35N-55N, for JJA and SON page 112

Figure 108 Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) , averaged 35N-55N,

for DJF and MAM page 1 13

Figure 109 Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) , averaged 35N-55N,

for DJF and MAM page 1 14

Figure 1 10 3-10 Day Filtered Standard Deviation of 250mb Geopotential
Height (m) (top) and Monthly Mean 250mb Zonal Wind (m/s)
page 1 15

Figure 1 1 1 Mean Zonal Circulation Streamlines and Vectors, averaged

20N-20S, for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom) page 1 16

Figure 1 12 Mean Zonal Circulation Streamlines and Vectors, averaged

20N-20S, for JJA (top) and SON (bottom) page 1 17

I igure 113 Net Diabatic Heating CC/day) , averaged 10N-10S,

for DJF and MAM page 1 18

Figure 1 14 Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) , averaged 10N-10S,

for JJA and SON page 119

X

Figure 1 15 250mb Velocity Potential Anomalies (m2/s) filtered to retain
periodicities of 20-100 days, averaged 10N-10S, for model
year 4 page 120

Figure 1 16 250mb Velocity Potential Anomalies (m2/s) filtered to retain
periodicities of 20-100 days, averaged 10N-10S, for model
year 7 page 121

\i

I ist of Symbols and Definitions

CI P Fractional Cloudiness

q Specific Humidit)

Specific Humidit) at 850 nib

v'q' Transient Meridional Moisture Flux

Q]h Latent Heat Flux at the Surface

1 ong Wave Radiative Flux at the Surface
Q Net Radiative Flux at the Surface

Sensible Heat Flux at the Surface
O Short Wave Radiative Flux at the Surface

Qnc( Net Diabatic Heating

Q j -- Net Diabatic Heating at Sigma Level 0.57

I Q .3(7 Mass Weighted Vertical Integral of Net Diabatic Heating

Prec Precipitation at the Surface

P_i Mean Sea Level Pressure

\J Stream Function

'/ Velocity Potential

/ . 100 20-100 Day Filtered Anomalies of Velocity Potential

0 Potential Temperature
T Temperature

T700 Temperature at 700 mb

1 Surface Wind Stress

V 7" Transient Meridional Heat Flux

rT', _ .q 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Heat Flux

u Zonal Velocity

Zonal Velocity at 200 mb

Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum

u'v\ _ ,f) 3-10 Day Filtered Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal Momentum

v Meridional Velocity

Meridional Velocity at 2(X) mb
Total Velocity at the Surface

0) Vertical Velocity

z-ir/j Geopotential Height at 200 mb

<~> 3-10 Day filtered Standard Deviation

G Interannual Standard Deviation

X* Zonal Anomaly

'lime Average

Departure from the time average
\x\ Zonal Average

Meridional Average

xu

1. Introduction

1. Introduction

An atlas of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Rhomboi-
dal 30 with 14 Sigma Levels (R30S14) general circulation model (GCM) is made
available in order to facilitate the intercomparison of the climate and variability of
the model with observations and other modeling studies. Our goal is to reveal some
of the model's strengths and weaknesses, providing a benchmark for future experi-
ments with the GFDL model.

The R30S14 version of the GFDL GCM is a global, spectral, primitive
equation model. There are 14 unequally spaced sigma levels in the vertical (from
0.9967 to 0.015) and a rhomboidal truncation at wave number 30, yielding a hori-
zontal grid spacing of approximately 3.75° of longitude and 2.225° of latitude. The
model has seasonally varying insolation, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice,
but the values are fixed for each day. The SSTs and sea ice vary according to long-
term observed climatologies and the same cycle is repeated for each year in this 17
year integration. The spectral representation of the orography has been improved
by smoothing out some of the artificial ripples in the field that are generated by the
spectral transformation. This model also features gravity wave drag and predicted
clouds. Stratiform clouds form and large scale precipitation begins when the rela-
tive humidity exceeds 100%. Subgrid scale precipitation is parameterized by moist
convective adjustment. The surface temperature over land is calculated assuming
there is no heat storage in the ground. Soil moisture is predicted using the bucket
method, in which the ground can absorb up to 15 cm of rainfall before runoff begins
(Manabe, 1969). Standard bulk aerodynamic formula are used to calculate the sur-
face wind stress and sensible and latent heat fluxes using a constant transfer coeffi-

cient of 1x10 over the oceans and 3x10 over land. More details on the GFDL
GCM can be found in Gordon and Stern (1982), Manabe and Hahn (1981) and Lau
(1981).

2. Data Analysis

The seasonal mean statisties for Deeember-January-February (DJF),
March- April-May iMAM). June-July-August (JJA), and September-October-No-
\ ember (SON), are calculated from 16 years of daily output from the GFDL
R30S 14 model run. Data from the model's sigma surfaces are interpolated to pres-
sure levels: the temperature and wind fields are interpolated linearly, while specific
humidity is interpolated logarithmically to pressure surfaces. In the model's cloud
cover scheme, there is no fractional cloudiness; a grid point at a given sigma level
is either clear or completely overcast. The fractional cloudiness shown in the atlas
is a measure of the number of days in the season where cloud cover is present. For
the layer average fractional cloudiness, the entire layer, made up of 2-3 levels, is
considered overcast if one of the levels is overcast. Diabatic heating is calculated
from the latent heat release associated with condensation, absorbed radiation, ver-
tical diffusion and the convective adjustment process; both the clouds and diabatic
heating are shown on sigma surfaces. The mass weighted diabatic heating is ob-
tained by summing the diabatic heating rate over the 14 model layers.

Variability in the model is diagnosed using interannual standard deviations

- 2
li = 1

calculated from the equation: a(x) = |£ (x(-X) /(n- 1) , where x, is the average

for one season of a particular year (i), x is the long-term ( 1 6 year) seasonal average,
and n is the number of years. Empiracal Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis
(Kutzbach, 1979) is used to objectively identify the dominant modes of 500mb
height variability over the Northern Hemisphere. The fist two EOFs, calculated us-
ing covariances rather than correlations, arc presented.

The zonal average vertical cross-sections are constructed from data interpo-
lated to 8 pressure levels (1000, 850, 700, 500, 300, 250, 200, and 100 mb), except
for the vertical cross-sections of cloud cover, mass-stream function and diabatic

heating, which are constructed from the original 14 sigma levels in the model. The
merdional mass-stream function, \\f , is caculated following Peixoto and Oort

l

(1992), \i/ = 1*271/? cos 0 [v • P] — , where R is the radius of the earth, 0 the lati-

J 8

o

tude, g is gravity, P is the surface pressure, and the brackets denote a zonal average.
A solution for \j/ is then found by vertically integrating this equation starting at the
top of the atmosphere, where \j/ = 0 . The transient meridional momentum, heat
and moisture fluxes are derived from the model output using the following equa-
tions: «V= («-«)• (v-v) , v'T = (v-v) • (T-f) , and v'q' = (v-v) ■ (q-q) ,
where x is the daily value and x is the long-term average for the appropriate season.
These quantities are calculated daily and then the seasonal and zonal means are con-
structed from the daily values.

Time filtering of certain variables is performed using a Lanczos filter (Jus-
tice, 1976; Duchon, 1979), with half power weights at 3-10 days to isolate synoptic
times, and 20-100 days to examine the Madden and Julian Oscillation (Madden and
Julian, 1971). The 3-10 day filter is also used to examine the seasonal cycle of the
North Pacific and North Atlantic storm tracks following Nakamura (1992). We
used 121 weights, which translated to a data loss of 60 days at the beginning and
end of the 17 year time series. The filtering is performed on daily anomalies (rela-
tive to the long-term monthly mean) and the total standard deviation or mean of
these filtered anomalies are then calculated (except in the case of Figs 113 and 1 14,
where the time series of the time filtered anomalies are shown) . Only model years
2-16 are used in the standard deviation calculations, since model years 1 and 17 are
truncated by the filtering process. For filtered covariance statistics, each individual
variable (i.e. v') is filtered before computing the covariances. A few variables,
such as the precipitation and vertical velocity, are spatially smoothed using a nine

point filter in order to emphasize large scale features. The filter weights the central
point, the four adjacent points, and the four corner points by a ratio of 1:0.5:0.3.

3. References:

Duchon. C. E.. 1979: Lanczos filtering in one and two dimensions. J. Appl. Mete-
or.. 18. 1016-1022.

Gordon. C. T.. and W. F. Stern. 1982: A description of the GFDL global spectral
model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 625-644.

Justice, J. H., 1976: Lanczos-type smoothing in N-dimensions. Division of Math.
Sci. paper. University of Tulsa, 24 pp.

Kutzbach. J. E., 1970: Large-scale features of monthly mean Northern Hemisphere
sea-level pressure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 708-716.

Lau. N.-C. 1981: A diagnostic study of recurrent meteorological anomalies ap-
pearing in a 15-year simulation with a GFDL general circulation model.
Mon. Wea. Rev. , 109, 2287-23 11.

Madden, R. and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal
wind in the the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708.

Manabe, S., 1969: Climate and ocean circulation, Part I, The atmospheric circula-
tion and hydrology of the earth's surface. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 139-714.

. and D. G. Hahn, 1981: Simulation of atmospheric variability. Mon. Wea.

Rev., 109, 2260-2286.

Nakamura, H., 1992: Midwinter suppression of baroclinic wave activity in the Pa-
cific. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1629-1642.

Peixoto. J. P. and A. H. Oorrt, 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of
Physics, New York, New York, pp. 520.

s-
bfl

C

e2

>,

-

—

c
c_

r

-

—

o

s

t/3
C
m

—
3

if!

uo

on

o

o

ro

to

(§9p) JIT]

4. Zonal Mean Vertical Cross-Sections

I — j I

KX

III ' II

' . ' ooo

OOO

c

CJ

10

ii

m i4

ti

ro o

>

c

■ °

u

~

l"0

HI'''0

C_

c

£

>

^

aj

h-

>,

-

o

■ ^

A

•: CN

e

-3

<D

<U

o

<U

CLh

~I

T3

u

1 I

c

T3

1 1

f ;l o

n,

C

CM

, — x

• ~

~3

C/3

o

CD

T3

c

-

_jz;

X!

c/3

—

lO

C/3

.o

|

t/3

Q

00

0

- — >

' .1

o

?

r—

0

1 —

, i

y

~^

o

~

X:

C

N

<

LT)

s

^

T5

00

<

~

' '

13

, — N

ID

c~

o

0

o

N

U-

Q

b/j

o o o o o ooo
o o o o o ooo

ro tJ- lD CD r~^ 00CDO

(qui) ssajj

(qui) sso.irj

<

ICD

E

IS

o

o

o

o

■—

CM

o o o oooco
o o o o o ooo
ro -t in (Dr~- oocno

o

O

O

o

o o o o o ooo
o o o o o ooo

ro ij- lD <£> I--- 00OTO

(qui) sssjj

(qui) ssajj

—

<

- i

c

p.

<

c

rd

CX
O

m
^>

Q
o

T3

r3

O

t3

•_

<

C

O

N

m
bfl

<■ J

' >

' 1

' >

o ooooo

C )

< ,

• >

' >

o ooooo

■

< 1

\> ,

-t

un cd i^oocro

(qui) SS9JJ

(qui) ssojj

<

z
o

1

o
o

T — ' I I

O O O O OOOOO

o o o o o ooco
CM rO Tf LO cor-^oocno

o
o

z
o

c
c

o

c

■A

c

^ T3

o

M
l-l

u
>

<

c

—

-

o

o

o

o

o oooco

o

o

o

CD

o ooooo

<—

cn

m

-*-

m co r--oocno

(qui) ssajj

(qui) sssjj

_i

X

<

bl)

i i I

-^

m ,

CSJ ',

o

1

^—

\

X

~--_

-! 1 1 1 r-

-: :, CO I 00 Ol ^c

o o o

in p.,

•r- O

pu .a

If)

I

CO

in

-

CO

>

(L)
O

LD

'J

c

CN

c

rt

,

l-l

CO

<L>

oo

c

^

O

o

'o

X

/i

o

*—<

c~

r3

m

(3
C

-3!

i^

c

-;

a o

<0

O

CO

•— cNjro-^-Lncor^oocr>
ooooooooo

p\rrj t?lu7)[<s;

[OAOq BUlSlS

[0

<

M

X

If)

CM

o

1 .

E
c

X

z

s

—

c

-

-

^-^

s.

—

c

-3

s*

<u

<

CJ

■—J

>

•„

—

C

c

cj

■j-j

u

too

c

_<i

<u

--*.

o

'

<D

m o

>

X

/;

i — i

C

■ — *

c_

c

~z

m .2

~~z

CN

5 o

00

j—

O

o

c

/:

r- •

-^

u

£

^

_^

y.

i

r.

s

/

■ i

/

$

- ^

-

C

—

■C

—

^csiiv~)^i-u~>cor--oocr>
ooooooooo

ooooooooo

|3A3q BUlSTg

J9A91 T3LUBTS

II

:

<

>

■H

&

<0

73
>-.
(U

<

c
o

N

3 C

o o

o o ooooo
o o o oooo
rr in icr- oocno

< >

r >

' >

' -

o ooooo

' >

' >

• I

' i

o o oooo

■

' 1

ro

-!

lo U3 r-oocno

(qui) ssoj^

(qui) ssajj

12

<

^

z

o

E

c

o

£

O

—

o

<

a

T3

■ —

E

3

E

u
>

Ej
u

<

c
o

N

3

- —

—

o

o

o

o

o o oooo

o

o

o

CD

o o oooo

^

CN

m

>*

m to r^-oocro

o

o

o

o

o o OOOO

o

o

o

O

O O OOOO

'""

CM

f~>

■tf

m <n r^-oooTO

(qui) ssajj

(qui) SS3JJ

13

z

<

S

B

Q

—

-O

a

'o
o

i:

o

■ —I

bO

ed

G
O

N

On

B

WO

o o o oooov

O O O OOOO

' J

r j

r J

o oooo

C )

' '

o

r >

'' >

o oooo

•

' J

rO

•t

r i

to r-oocoo

fqiuj SS3J<j

(qiu) SS3JJ

14

<

B

is

c

in

IS

1

o

o

O

o

o

o

<—

rxj

rO

o o o oooo"-

o o o oooo

"tf- LD LO r-~ oocno

o o oooov

O O OOCXD

in to i^- oocno

(qui) sssjj

(qui) SS3JJ

15

—

—

o
m

o
"3-

O

O
CM

<

-

' - o o

ooooooooo

[3A9'] tfltll?^

[OAOq buiSis

16

<

^

z
c

&

o

c

O

C

o o

<

o

' — 1

ro

—

^

- — '

X

y.

<U

t i

• i-H

CNJ

"J

C

U

<D

M)

o

-

,-~

o

^

<

.

r^

d

c

N

r\

—

')

•—

3

CJj

—

ooooooooo

ooooooooo

|3A3q BUIBI£

|3A3"] 611131$

17

o<

<

u

O)

c

X)

-a

c

c

1—9

Q

£

**3

(D

■9

1)

00
cd

■~

C
O
N

3

•— CNlrOtJ-l^tDr^OOCD'—

ooooooooo

[9A9^ BUlSlS

(OAO^ RUlSfS

<

OJ

I to

;

Hm
■ cm

LD

Z 1
o 1
^ 1

11 LO

In

11 r-

ro

ro

[CM

<N

LO

O

O

■"CMrO^iniDNCOOl

ooooooooo

|3A3q BUI§TS

{3A9^ EUIoTS

[9

\

<

\

u

Ix.

o ooooo
o ooooo
10 co r^ oooto

o

' 1

o

< 1

' 1

o oooo

'■ I

o

' •

o

' >

ooooo

■-

CNI

<■ •

•1

If 1

to i^-oocto

(qui; sssj^

(qui) ssajj

20

<

\

u

o

t-

o

o

CM'".'

rft

o

|lO

s

" r^

U

o

Im

00

o

tx

r-O

o

o

o

o

o

o oooo

o

o

o

o

CD

o ooco

«—

CM

to

^

in

to r~-oocno

o

o

o

o

o

o oooo

o

o

o

o

o

o oooo

CM

m

Tl-

m

to r-~oooTO

qui) sssjj

(qui) ssaij

2!

s

-

u:

<

LO

o

\

U

o

hn

— ' 1 ' 1 — r

o o o o oooco

o o o o oooo

(nj to -r lO '-o r- oocto

c

o

-a

o

--.

o

^->

-C

c

s

I to

G

1-4

<

S

3

cu

, ,

1 1

1 . 1

1 lr'

£

o

rJ

LU

Q

Q

:■.-.':

o

•—.

IK i<o

i

o

1)

O)

bij

N

—

(/)

—

Ifc

c >

>

1")

m

<

u

, —

0

r3

N— s

G

C

X

N

UL,

o

r-

■ — i

< — i
Ri
0)

(U
l-l

X

3

(/)

00

u-

-i — i — r
o o o ooooo
o oooo ooo
ro ■**■ LD to r-- oooo

(qui; ssojfj

(qui) SS3Jtf

22

<

o

I

o

or

o

K

O

"3

CJ

•_

u_

c
-C

z

O
c

H.
o

o g

as s:

< o

N E

do §

DC

5

11-

o

o

o

O

O

O OOCDO

o

o

CD

O

CD

O OOCDO

*—

CM

ro

^r

IT)

CD r--00ODO

o
o

O O O O ooooo

o o o o ooooo
cm ro -^- m to r-- oocddo

(qui)ssaij

(qui) SS3JJ

23

f:

o

O

O

3

C
a;

S

G

r-3

C

0

N

o o

LL

o

03 «

CM

s <

•2 S

■a "2

aj G

o

s 5

c o

(U +-*

c3 'Z?

H^

o

<u o

bO "+-1

03

•—

o

>

<

1 — ,

-3

C

0

N

ON

' — 1

0)

l-c

2

bJO

LU

o o o o ooooo
o o o o ooooo

' •

r 1

r 1

r >

' •

ooooo

' ■

' >

' >

< >

ooooo

1

ro

-t

m

cd r^-ooao

qui) ssojfj

(qui) ssgjj

24

<

o

o o o o o
in «3- ro cnj «—

I l l I I

O
cm

C

2

c

GO

0y)

: Oi Mi

o o o o

■nf- rO CM «-

III

O

to

o

o

CN

■f.

\

6

—

C
o

6

o

c3

G

C

N

c3
C
O

o %

o

y.

o

on

4-1 &

c o

IS

2 1=3

S3

—

C

c
N

d

a

3
-

o

o

c

O

o oooco

o

o

o

O

o ooooo

'"

CN

*n

«tf

in ud i--.oocto

o

o

o

O

o

OOCX3D

o

o

o

o

CD

OOOOO

"""

CM

ro

^t

u)

10 noooo

(qui) SS3JJ

(qui) SS3JJ

25

k

'iD O > 'O ',
CNI'CM', ', •— i

/

\

<

10

oo CM

-o

O

- .

o o oooco
o o o ooooo
"~, t lo co r- oooo

-i — r

o oooo ooo
o oooo ooo

ro -t in (£ih- oocno

X

-

Uh

~

F=

c

n

O

— )

o

S-H

j-j

<U

s :

<

c

2

y

Tj

a

r

eg

r3

H

Oh

^3

O

(1)

•—

' — ■

<U

Uh

' 1

— 1

uu

Q

o

CO

eg

CD

<

C
O

N

(N

cd

c
0

N

(qui) SS3JJ

(C)LU) SS9JJ

26

o

<

I

■ ^ • i :

J rDjcvi! ; ; I ' I i ^

Z

c

o

\ \ » \ i_. \ o',
, m;oLO >"~]
icM'csj*-- ! I i

' i •': i i ;

00

--o

1 E

o o

S3 e

% z

- o

5 oo

c c

cd c3
!-.

H

■—

fc

Cl,
O

lO

>.

c

hi

l+H

Q

<N

o

V,

i

£

LO

m

CN

£

-

r

■t— i

0)

c

>

1)

<

E

i

0

o

s

0

__

N

?3
C

0

ri
ri

N

U

0

—

3

M

Hh

o

o

o

O

o

o oooo

o

o

o

CD

O

O OOOO

"-

CM

rO

^r

i/i

CD r--oocno

o

o

o

O

O

o oooo

o

o

o

o

O

o oooo

"—

CN

rO

>*

lO

CD r~~-OOOTO

(qui) SS3JJ

(qui) ssgjj

27

5. Seasonal Means on Pressure and Sigma Surfaces

-

3>

-
3

T*70o(°C)

DJF

80 E

T%)o(°C)

MAM

80 H

8

2

0

8

4
2
0

I i jure 23: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean
( '• C), Northern Hemisphere for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

28

T*7oo(°C)

JJA

c

3s

LU
O

180 E

T*7oo(°C)

180 E

SON

I

8
6

4
2
0

8
6
4

2

0

Figure 24: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean
(° C), Northern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

29

T*7on(°C)

DJF

y

-

HOE

T*7,)(,(°C)

MAM

180E

6

4.5

113

1.5

0

6

4.5
13
1.5
0

ire 25: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean
' Southern Hemisphere for D.JI; (top) and MAM (bottom)

U)

T*7oo(°C)

JJA

o

o

180 E

T*7oo(°C)

SON

180 E

I

4.5

3

1.5

0

6
4.5

1.5
0

Figure 26: 700mb Departure of Temperature from the Zonal Mean
( ° C), Southern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

31

z*500(m)

P.ll-

-

-

180 E

z*50o(m)

MAM

O^C -■ ' ^ - ^r — s „ ^~^r

,-'--

' / ^!rJ^^>^c^~T^^^^~^-^l

\\ -

Y?

^'—'''k%0^Jvir^ ** '

i '-'''

'///f J\M ' zXy{^

w

/

HjJjJpffi- 1 oovvyy

^a&7

fir

7 f

80 H

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

"OOmb Departure ol'Cieopotential Height Iron) the Zonal Mean (m),
Northern Hemisphere lor I J>.H flop) and MAM (bottom)

32

z*5oo(m)

JJA

3*

180 E

500

(m)

SON

80 E

I

175
50
25

0

Figure 28: 500mt> Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean irrij.
Northern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

33

z*50o(m) DJF

_

180E

z*SOo(ni) MAM

80 E

80
60
40
20

0

80
60
40
20
0

500mb Departure of Geopotentia] Height from the Zonal Mean (m),
Southern Hemisphere for D.JF (top) and MAM (bottom)

34

z*50o(m)

JJA

ON

180 E

2*500 (m)

SON

100
80
160

20
0

100

i 80
60
40
20

0

180 E

Figure 30:

500mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean (m)
Southern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

35

z*200(m)

D.ll-

_

3"

-

80 E

200

(m)

MAM

^___^^y :._,

-^-^^-f^''~'yL^''

^^9S^%\''

,i

1 //~ ' y^SyPraV^'^'

\'R

iV ■■/Z^^K&A l

I c

. //,< ,'"-y > \ w£? »* N

Us

\_Jpli. -JPrf^^

~ K^^]oo-;;':-^y / ,,--

-v

v ^^T^-C1' """"^ / '''

\^ •• ^JPy/

_^y /,...

80 E

■ 200

;

150
100
50
0

200
150
1 100

i50

0

200mb Departure ol Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean (m),
Northern Hemisphere for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

J6

z*200 (m)

JJA

180 E

z*200 (m)

SON

180 E

150
100
50

0

150
100
50

0

Figure 32: 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean (m),
Northern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

37

z*2oo(m)

DJF

_

-

c
o

180E

z*9nn(m)

MAM

80

75
50
25

0

Figure 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean (m),

Southern Hemisphere for D.II' (top) and MAM (bottom)

38

z*20o(m)

JJA

c

ON

ON

180 E

z*2no(m)

SON

180 E

125

100
175

HHi

150

25

0

75
50
25

0

Figure 34: 200mb Departure of Geopotential Height from the Zonal Mean (mj
Southern Hemisphere for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

39

u-,01 (m/s)

1X1 1

'.

•.

-
_

;- ; s -

20E 180

Lon (des;)

20W 60W

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25

u200(m/s)

MAM

N

30N-

t/j

•

|60
1 55
— 50
45
40
35
30
25

Lon (cleg)

Figure 35: 200 mb Zonal Wind (m/s) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

40

Uonn (m/s)

JJA

60N

30N

S3

-J

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

45
40
35
30
25

u2oo (m/s)

SON

Lon (deg)

Figure 36: 200 mb Zonal Wind (m/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

45
40
35
30
25

4!

v2oo(m/s)

DJF

-

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

7.5
5

2.5
0

v7nn(m/s)

MAM

zh

7.5

5

2.5

0

Lon (deg)

200 mb Meridional Wind I ni/s; ior DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

42

v?00(m/s)

JJA

-
-J

7.5

5

2.5

C

Lon (deg)

V2oo(m/s)

SON

20E 1!

Lon (deg)

60W

5
2.5

0

Figure 38: 200 mb Meridional Wind (m/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

43

_

l>

A\\\\\U

,\\\\\|nt
.\\\\\r

A\V|t

:\UT1 o

rr;°n r

trrfth,

rrhrkr

tttttKu

ifrwntti

ttrttttttn

, ttttjttrr

U \o t t T fo

.\\V\V

\\°\\

1 1 1
TTT

'\

NT

rrrfr

trci

CM

rfr

/ifftt TTit\l

tttttvi

rtrtttt
rtttur
ttttttt
ti'ttttt

ttjjt.t ft

t r r ?///

LO

/

t/T

tft

f f "TV/W^^o^

#i > A

ft

f 1

tf

tlt:f

111

TSf

/ i i \ \ \

/ I I \ \ \ *

f inivf.
^i an *^\

sjf/fW f tit

'shu hit

\4 lM l N

7/

\

/O. A V

t/t r

t T/T T

^iij

c

o

[In

1—1

Q

In

o
u

01)

a

<v

■ — i

-

cr

a
o

a

C

OJ
Ph
00

c

1

o

o

6s

■=>

Ph

O
I-

o

CO

o

IT)

O

rt-

o

CO CO CO

o o o
m to r^

44

<

1

c

l>

TOP
■ 1 t/f ?

tf

t

tt tot

r

tu

1
T

o a
CN /

*/

lA A A *p <A A

5Mt f T jit

f^tttt|^<>X*
fjt^ttitk-sWf t rjrt
foftf tffovl\\\ t tf //

f/t t K\ \7 <

\\\Mt

. CNI AAA*.

t ;t j

AAA.

\ \ \\vn r 1 1 1

^m^m T T V ■ ^ T ft T ^ ^
♦ m A T T» T ^ » V ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
AAA A A, to A A A A A ^ A

,rn

AAA A
/ J flt/f

1 1 U \ :\

Hi

life

fTf/

*r<-)A a

fit,,.
fttAi
t t'W

,fO.
ACN -

to

?MJ& t

rrrtitujxKw

tfttttVCwW

tit
nhtfK ^\nt

t ^UA^H

tt tt tt
\/j ttttttt
wL/tt ottt

f w^ tt\t

I V W /fit

TTTTfTT
f ttt|/t

A AAAAAA

t Mil. tit

Mtt4J)t
f 1 1 1 1 1 1

t/t 1 1 1 1 1
i I i j i j

T T tS ^^ T T T

(ttfllf
AAAAAA
rlt-Tt?

t-tfrft
tuff

tf tt t/t
tttttfT

T _Jr ' T T t T
aaaaIaO

ttttttl

tf

1

r

t/f

o
-J

V".

—

o

o
o
>

0/J

c
JO

—

n
o
* — i
o
u

13

53

"3
U

o

C

C
r |

d

-r

•—
-

(gap) ^q

45

<

>

wmut
'ttthrr .
ttwttm
tvulttttt
. t Htttrt

N\ tit t t T T

\\"2iHtt

V

t o tukv/^ ^ ift/tttu

t ttt

f Ttt
fltt-t

tttt Tt

tymtt
t n vt ft

f It t J 1 1 1

mt int tnv^ r/:fttu|tf:l Mi

twtittmwyjA tttn\\\\k\t
fJt fittttt\jjC Mnv^vt/uT
nw/tttfr ru*/t tvKw \
tit tit * ?s^"f?n\\\\

ttt r /^v///A\\ \

ttt r/^_^v^ ^\l\oititi
lr r r n/ *

rf.fr/

, tn°/
ttt tit i
ttttlrt
\ \i\ t r r

vonn

wtwtt r

tt
tt

ttt

T T T T \ l r

tttt
tttt
tttt

TTTT
TTTT

A .* A A CN

ff f f

tttt

i1 r i* if1 T T

I I* r /p ^ ^

T I* I l* I* I*

o

4 CN

f

r
r
r

/
/

/ °

o

CN

o

CO

U

c
O

.o

1/1
u

2
o

>

C

3

cr
D

c

O
■ — h

CJ

T3
C
r3

ex

c

1

O
O
r i

3
bfl

• ■— i

(/> CY)

o o

to r~-

(Sap) prj

46

z

o

C/3

1

c
c

l>

H.Ht T f f f

^ » ^ ^ ^ ' ^ *fr 4i

wttn

f / AMI

ffttjj T

^ t t u*ft T T T

tit ft tit

t 1 T T T T T

fir
,™

A\U

\\f!

wit

WW

iw

Mto

:\ \ n

x t ?/7

t th

1 1 rt t

rtitt

rttt

nit tt
rtt

ttt\\\
tttm\
tt.tfjj

Wtftttyti'

Sill

ItrMtfjh

Mt t t<$ t t +

mi vt ////,

t f ttt oTK\V\b

ft f tt/1£,W*

t

r

o

c
o
-J

y

o

on
■—
.o

—

0
—

o

o

3

c

O

o

r3

T3

1

c

n

cN

-r

-

CO CO CO

o o o
to ■*■ un

CO CO

o o

(Sap) nn

47

>

u

c

o
-J

I—)

Q

—

z

s.

o
*_>
o
o
>

bfl

c

u

c

_o

o
u

c

73

T3
O

a
on

"d

I

O
in

en

(gap) nn

48

CO

E

oo

l>

k*-

^^Atif

TT

^ ^ s // /f Vt/T 1 1 1 '

HJllU

if •* v/v

Uii K>'

"If? ft

\ \ if r
lk\ r-f/n

fit 1 1 1

nf 1 1 1

f

t f t ' ' m ^

lo

Mill

A

flttl

>f It Tl T T T

-J,

/Ttt

/ttt

A A A A
A A A A

ttt

ttt
tttt

tu

Af

>*

m

\\ \ M»n _

//?/yfi >

&

Ur/tf
t

^

Vs^J^i

I

)jff/M If

t

IK

< TIT

/ ft
l/f

IT)

,m<

/ /

k .

l^n.

iin

o

o

CO

O

to CO
o o

U

—

c
-J

CO CO

o o
id r--

■—

c

— '

•J
u
>

1

a

— I

—
G

g
o

—

T3

o
o

IT.

-r
u

(gap) jBi
49

<

l>

AVs\
.\vW

WW

\\\\
Law

\ \W

u {jt\r

K t pvJ7^
/ n t ?w

/Xft/s.
Ttt.T f /

un r /

bfl

c
o

1-1

o

i-

2
o

>

«— >
bO
G

JH

cr
C

o
o

1-c

T3

C

-3

-a

f

O
in

oo

in

-1-

bfl

O

r

O

to

o

o

o

O

r J

o

UJ

in in in in
o o o o

t- csj ro •**-

o
m

to (/)

o o

50

c

c

l>

TIT

Sfttkttftoy

t

f ft
;.f

pl^\tt ft;
i^vi tit t

i^Ejtit t

ii^V/f ttt

:i y^fjw///KA t r

r /////

f ; f f /7t
T T/T T

t int' t m

t'tt

(it Hi

r/ f Y t t t t

fit t H

^/v\T 1 1 1 1

t\

tt
ittfl

A1

/ft
/ft
f ft

h

o

o

CO

ttl t
ft ft

f f '

ft'
til^fr^Nj^

tttt/r >^*V

ttfr

f\\^1\tt-ff .

o

O

co

CZ3

•—

s

•—
O

>

—

5:

bJO

o

a

rsi

<u

13

—

o

C

2
o

bfl

—

u

o

^3

Q

CO

e

c

-o

s.

|

T3

O

<u

a

on

UJ

—

o

a

CN

5

i

m

a

-r

LlJ

=

o

bO

CD

1

Tt

(gap) nn

5:

lm (lxl06m2/s)

D.IF

:
"J

—

-
-

10

8

6

4

2

I20E 180

Lon (de^

"...

jC850(lxl06m2/s)

MAM

Lon (den)

12

10

8
6
4
2

850 inb Velocity Potential i ! x 10 ' m2/s) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

52

XR,a (lxl06m2/s)

JJA

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

;20E 11

Lon (deg)

90N

Xsso(lxl06m2/s)

SON

60E 120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

10

8

6

4
2

Figure 48: 850 mb Velocity Potential (1x10 rrr/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

53

?,H (1x10° nr/s

^

DJF

20E 180 120W

Lon (dec)

-6

-9

-12

-15

-18

5C90n (lxl06m2/s)

MAM

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

-6
-9

Figure 49:

200 mb Velocitv Potent i;ii . i x !(/" nr/si for I J.I I- (top) and MAM (bottom)

54

%200 (lxl06m2/s)

JJA

-
-J

6
-9

-12
-15
-18
-21
-24
-27

Lon (des)

%9nn (lxl06m2/s)

SON

120E II

Lon (des)

-6
-9
-12
-15

Figure 50: 200 mb Velocity Potential ( lx 10 nr/s) for JJA I topi and SON (bottom)

55

*p850 (lxl06m2/s)

DJF

N

N

zi.

i : 5

U-"IU=

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

t}?850 (lxl06m2/s)

MAM

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

6 7,

850 mb Stream Function f i x I 0 ' nr/s) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

56

>6_2

Tj78,0 (1x10° mz/s) JJA

60N -(

30M

bJQ

-J

30S-.

60S —

120E 1

Lon (deg)

6_2,

^0(lxlO°mz/s)

SON

60E

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

Figure 52: 850 mb Stream Function( lxlO6 m2/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

57

tp:oo (lxl06m2/s)

DJF

D

_

N

■

:c

: : 5 -

60S-

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

6_2,

^on(10Dnr7s)

MAM

-/,

60N-

'.

.

60S

60E 120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

F-igure 53:

200 nib Stream Function ( 1x10 m2/sj lor DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

58

6_2,

W)

-
-J

tp,m (1x10° nV7s)

JJA

60E

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

60W

6_2,

T]79nn (1x10° nr7s)

SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (de^)

Figure 54: 200 mb Stream Function ( IxlO6 m2/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

59

qSs0lg/kg)

DJF

: .
—

-
_

30SH

60S

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

I

12
1 1
10
9

8
7

6

q850 (g/kg)

MAM

_

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60 W

12
111

10

9

8

7

6

850 mb Specific Humidity (g/kg; for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)
icld was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

60

q85o(g/kg)

JJA

60K

30N

bij
0)

T3

r3

30S-

50S

Lon (deg)

qsso (g/kg)

SON

1

12

1 1

10

9

8

7

6

Lon (deg)

Figure 56: 850 mb Specific Humidity (g/kg) ior JJA (top) and SON (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

61

co500(mb/day)

DJF

60 N

:

-

30S

60S-

0

25

-50

1-75

100

125

Lon (deg)

60N-

30N-

tru (nib/day)

MAM

&/j

30S-

r/r

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

0

-25

-50

.-75

-100

I

125

500 nib Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)
r!n- fieid was smoothed using a9poini iiltcr 'see data analysis section).

62

G5,00 (mb/day)

JJA

CD

•a

-J

60S - 1

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

0

-25

-50

-75

-100

-125

CD,00 (mb/day)

SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

S
■

I

0

-25

-50

-75

-100

-125

Figure 58' 500 mb Vertical Velocity (mb/day) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

63

:

CLD, (%)

[>ll;

60E 120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

190

■ 75

60
45
30

CLDlow (%)

MAM

"...

■

180 120W

Lon (deg)

90
75

1 ^^

45
30

. :-

■.
:

Low level Composite (sigma levels 0.997, 0.979, 0.935)
Clouds [%) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)
:ld was smoothed using a 9 poinl filter (see data analysis section).

64

CLDlow{%)

JJA

—

-
-

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

90

30

CLDlow (%)

SON

90N

Lon (dee)

Figure 60: Low level Composite (sigma levels 0.997, 0.979, 0.935 )
Clouds (%) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section;

90
75
60
45
30

65

CLDmid{%)

n.n

.

-- .

Lon (deg)

CLDmid (%)

MAM

Lon (deg)

Figure 61 : Mid level Composite (sigma levels 0.568, 0.46)

Clouds ('/< ) lor [III (top) and MAM (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point Idler (see data analysis section).

45

■ 37.5

30

22.5

15

4 b

M37.5
: 30
22.5
15

66

CLDnnd{%)

JJA

5/j
—

-

_

90N

60N-

30N

90S

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

45
37.5
30
22.5

15

CLDmid (%)

SON

Lon (deg)

Figure 62: Mid level Composite (sigma levels 0.568. 0.46)

Clouds (%) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

67

CLDhi.h(%)

n.ii-

—

-
_

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

I 60
| 50
I 40

^30

20

s/j

90N

CLDW^ (%)

MAM

•

Lon (deg)

Figure 63: High level Composite (sigma levels 0.353, 0.257)
Clouds (%) for DJF Mopi and MAM (bottom)
:ld was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section

60

68

CLDhlKh{%)

JJA

73

-

-J

Lon (des)

90S^

Lon (deg)

Figure 64: High level Composite (sigma levels 0.355, 0.257)

Clouds (%) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

60

B50
J 40

"30

20

60
50
40
30
20

69

\Qneldo (°C day)

DJF

60N -

Z:.

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

4.5

3.75

3

2.25

1.5

0.75

0

\Qneldo CC/day)

MAM

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

4.5

3.75

3

2.25

1.5

0.75

0

figure 65: Mass Weighted Vertical Integral of
)iabatic Heating (°C / 'day) for DJF 'top; and MAM (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

70

JS„,ao rC/clay)

JJA

60N

30 N

00

30S-

60S-

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

4.5

3.75

3

2.25

1.5

0.75

0

$Qnetdc> CC/day) SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

0.75

0

Figure 66: Mass Weighted Vertical Integral of

Net Diabatic Heating (°C/day) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

71

6. Seasonal Mean Surface Plots

Free (mm/day) DJF

'.

30N

_

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

16

14
12
10

8
6

4

Prec (mm/day)

MAM

60N

30N

W)

30S-

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

16
14
1 12
I 1 0

8

6

4

Figure 67- Precipitation (mm/day) lor DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

72

60N

30N-

30S

60S

Prec (mm/day)

60E

JJA

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

I

16

I 12

I 10
|g

6

4

Prec (mm/day)

SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

Figure 68: Precipitation ( mm/day j for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

73

P., (mb)

DJF

'.

—

-
_

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

1008
1004

l1000
5 996

992

988

984

Ps,(mb)

MAM

S/J

120E 180

Lon (dcg)

1008

1004

1000

996

992

988

1
1984

l

69 Mean Sea Level Pressure (mb.i for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom )

74

Ps, (mb)

JJA

H-l

60E

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

1008

1004

1000

996

992

988

984

i

Ps, (mb)

SON

60N-

30N

T3

-J

30S-

60S

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

1008
1004
1000
996
992
988
1 984

1

Figure 70: Mean Sea Level Pressure (mb) for JJA (topj and SON (bottom)

75

Vsfc (m/s)

DJF

-

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

12

l 10

I 8

6

90N

60N

Vsfc (m/s)

MAM

Zij

—

-;;■

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

12

10

*8

I 6
i4

f'igure 71 Surface Wind Speed ;m/s; and Direction (equal length vectors)
for DJF (top; and MAM (bottom)

76

W)

-J

90N

60N-

30N-

Vsfc (m/s)

JJA

30S

60S-1

90S

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

12

I 10

8
6
4

90N

Vsfc (m/s)

SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

6

4

Figure 72: Surface Wind Speed im/s> ana Direction (equal length vectors;

for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

77

K3

-J

90N

60N-

T (N/m2)

DJF

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

1|

0.35
10.3
So. 25
(0.2

0.15

90N

t (N/m2)

MAM

90S

60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0

Lon (deg)

0.35
0.3
I 0.25
0.2
0.15

Figure 73:

Surface Wind Stress (N/m2) and Direction (equal length vectors)
for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

78

C3

90N

T (N/m2)

JJA

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

■ 0.4

J 0.35

Jo. 3

^0.25

I 0.2

0.15

90N

T (N/m2)

SON

60E

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

I

III0-4
0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

Figure 74: Surface Wind Stress (N/m2) and Direction (equal length vectors)

for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

79

Qsh(W/m2)

DJF

60N-*

~3

_

120E 180

Lon (deg)

20
105
90
75
60
45
30

Qsh (W/m2)

MAM

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

Figure 75: Sensible Heat Flux (W/m2) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean.

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

80

Qsh (W/m2)

JJA

60N

30N

X3

73

-

EQ-

30S

60S

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (dee)

90
75

„ 60

^45

30

Qsh (W/m2)

SON

20E 180 120W 60W 0

Lon (deg)

90

75
60
45
30

Figure 76: Sensible Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean.
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

81

Q,h (W/m2)

DJF

60N

30NH

30S-

60S-

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

200
175
150
11 125
100

Qih (W/m2)

MAM

60E

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

200
175
1 1 50
125
100

Figure 77: Latent Heat Flux (W/m2) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

82

Q,h (W/m2)

JJA

60N

30NH

-J

30S

60S

20E 180 120W

Lon (des)

200
175

150

\

1 25
100

Qih (W/m2)

SON

60N-

30N

73
-J

30S

60S-

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

200
175

1 150

1 25

100

Figure 78: Latent Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean.
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

83

Qsw (W/m2)

DJF

300
275
250
I 225
200

Lon (des)

Qsw (W/m2)

MAM

60N--

30N-

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

300
275

1250

l225

200

Figure 79: Short Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy gain to the ocean.

I his field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

X4

Qsw (W/m2)

JJA

60N-

30N

Si)
0)

3

30S

60S

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

Qsw (W/m2)

SON

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

?3

300
275
250
225
200

Figure 80: Short Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy gain to the ocean.

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

85

Qi* (W/m2)

DJF

.

;-:\

1)

_

; : 5

• ; s ■-

20E 180 120W 60W

Lon (des)

100

90

80

70

60

Q,w (W/m-)

MAM

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

100

90

80

70

60

Long Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for DJF Hop) and MAM (bottom)
A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean.
field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

86

Qlw (W/m2) JJA

60N

-J

20E 180

Lon (deg)

I

100

■

■H Q Q

' 80

I
I 70

*60

Qiw (W/m2)

SON

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

I

100

lli90

■ 80

60

Figure 82: Long Wave Radiative Flux (W/m2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy loss from the ocean.

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

87

Qo C*/m:)

DJF

'■

30N

•: ; 5

120E 180

Lon (deg)

160

120
80
40
0

Qo (W/m2)

MAM

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

160

120

80

40

0

Net Surface Heal Mux (W/m2) lor DJF (lop) and MAM (bottom)
A positive flux indicates an energy gain to the ocean.
This field was smoothed using a () point filter (see data analysis section).

:■::-;

Qo (W/m2)

JJA

60N

30N-

-

30S

60S-

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

160

120

80

40

■ 0

Qo (W/m2)

SON

60N-

30N

bJO

T3

-

30S- •

60S

20E 180

Lon (des;)

160
■ 120
|80

m 40
0

Figure 84: Net Surface Heat Flux (W/m2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

A positive flux indicates an energy gain to the ocean.

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

89

v.

<

id

B

O

*

4-J

o

1)

o

m

■—
>

<

3
B
B

the ocean,
ta analysis se

5=
o

CM I

|o

<
•—

3.

n

y gain to
er (see da

|(0

_

S

W)Ei

U :-H

0/J

E *-<

T3

X

0> E

3

E O

o 1

lo

B

U.

c3 &,

<o H

!■«*■

O

3 «*

1

%

J

r3

5

(U

rt

o bo

•-5.5

o

o

E 52

CM

—
■—

3
CO

e flux i
othed l

Ul

o

CM

Ul
O

O

z

in

CC

—
3
00

LE

A positiv
This field was smo

(§9p) j^q
90

7. Interannual Variability:
Interannual Standard Deviations and EOF's

d(Zsnn) (m)

DJF

60N

30N-

r3

30S

60S

60E 120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

70
60
50

30
20

a(zj (m)

•500

MAM

60E

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

70
60
|50
!40
30
20

Figure 86: Interannual Standard Deviation of 500 mb Geopotential Height (m)

for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

91

o(:,()())(m)

DJF

-3

7l

20E 180

Lon (dee)

70
60
50
40
30
20

aUsm) (m)

MAM

20E 180

Lon (deg)

70
60
50
40
30
20

Figure 86:

Interannual Standard Deviation of 500 mb Geopotential Height (m)
for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

91

o(zsnn)(m)

JJA

?;\ -

30N-

—

1

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

a(z.m) (m)

J500

SON

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

50
"40
30
20

Figure 87: Interannuai Standard Deviation of 500 mb Geopotential Height (m)

for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

92

a(w9nn) (m/s)

DJF

T3

S3

-J

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

8
7
6
5
4
3

a(w9nn) (m/s)

MAM

120E 180

Lon (deg)

20W 60W

8

7

6
5

4
3

Figure 88: Interannual Standard Deviation of 200 mb Zonal Wind (m/s)
for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

93

G(//,m) (m/s)

JJA

60N-

30N-

_

30S

60S

Lon (deg)

a(w9m) (m/s)

SON

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

4

Mgure 89: Interannual Standard Deviation of 200 mb Zonal Wind (m/s)
for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

04

c(P .) (mb)

DJF

60N

30N

T3

-J

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

6

5.5
5
r4.5

A

1 3.5

3

2.5

2

a OP.,) (mb)

MAM

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

60W

::■. : ■

Figure 90: Interannual Standard Deviation of Sea Level Pressure (mb)
for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

95

a(Psl) (mb)

JJA

60 N

30N

3

30S-.

60S

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

5
4.5

4

3.5
■ 3

2.5
2

a(P5/) (mb)

SON

60E

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

Figure 9 1 : Interannual Standard Deviation of Sea Level Pressure ( mb I
for JJA (top; and SON (bottom)

96

zsnn EOF 1 (37.4%) DJF

•500

o

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0

o

■500

180 E

EOF 2 (21.1%) DJF

180 E

Figure 92: 500mb Height Empirical Orthogonal Functions
(using covariances) for EOF 1 (top) and EOF 2 (bottom)

0.05
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.01
0

97

z500 EOF 1 (45.8%) MAM

'j-

0.05
0.04
I 0.03
0.02
0.01
0

'J2

O

80 E

z500 EOF 2 (12.9%) MAM

:0-0-0.0T^<-0.03v

180E

Figure 93: 500mb Height Empirical Orthogonal Functions
(using covariances) for EOF 1 (top) and EOF 2 (bottom)

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0

98

■500

EOF 1 (22.1%) JJA

©

0.05

0.04

p0.03

i: :V :. ;';■<

0.01
0

©

180 E

z500 EOF 2 (14.7%) JJA

180 E

Figure 94: 500mb Height Empirical Orthogonal Functions
(using covariances) for EOF 1 (top) and EOF 2 (bottom)

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0

99

•500

, EOF 1 (35.3%) SON

o

0.05
0.04
0.03

a0.02
0.01

1 o

c

c500

180 E

EOF 2 (14.6%) SON

180 E

Figure 95: 500mb Height Empirical Orthogonal Functions
for EOF 1 (top j and EOF 2 (bottom)

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0

1 00

8. Middle Latitude Processes

60N

30N

-J

Vr^h-|()(OC-'"AY)

DJF

30S

60S-=^^

5

4

Lon (deg)

MAM

60S

8
7

6
5
4

Lon (deg)

Figure 96: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Heat

Flux [°C ■ m/s) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

101

v'r 850 3-10 (°C-m/s)

JJA

60N

30N

—

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

8
7
■6
5
4

Lon (deg)

Figure 97: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Heat

Flux (°C • m/s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)
This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

I

8

7

■ 6

5
4

!02

I'V^oK-m (S-m/kg-s

60N

30N

7d

r3

60E

1 20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

5

r 4

1§3
2

V4 850 3-10 (g-™/kg-s)

MAM

Lon (deg)

Figure 98: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Moisture

Flux (g ■ m/kg ■ s) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

5
4
3
2

103

60 N

30N

-3

30S

60S

v q 85o 3-10 (8-m/kg-s)

JJA

60E 120E 180

Lon (deg)

20W

60W

3
2

v 4 850 3-10 (g-m/kg-s)

SON

Lon (deg)

Figure 99: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 850mb Transient Meridional Moisture

Flux (# • m/kg ■ s) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

3
2

104

irv'nnh-u) (m2/s2)

60N

30N

<D

73

C3

30S-^V

6OS1

20E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

25

20
15
10

MAM

25
20

, 15

1 10

5

Lon (deg)

Figure 100: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 200mb Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal

Momentum (m2/s2) for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

105

"'v-;ooh-io (m2/s2)

JJA

\

30N

DO

—

-

_

30S-L=H

60S

20E 180 120W

Lon (dee)

25

20
15
10
5

Lon (deg)

Figure 101: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 200mb Transient Meridional Flux of Zonal

Momentum (m2/s2) for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

This field was smoothed using a 9 point filter (see data analysis section).

106

- u 3-10 + v' 3-10 ) (m2/s2)

DJF

60N

30N-

30S

60S

120E 180 120W

Lon (deg)

90
80
70

50
40

60N

30N

-I u 3-10 + v' 3-10 J (m^s2.

MAM

30S

60S

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

Figure 102: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 200mb Kinetic Energy (m2/s2)
for DJF (top) and MAM (bottom)

107

-I u' 3-10 + v' 3-10 J (m2/s2)

JJA

60 N

30NH

EQ-

30S

60S-:

120E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

90
80
1 70
60
50
40

60N

30N

1 -7T

-[ u' 3-10 + v' 3-10 J (m2/s2)

SON

EQ^

30S

60S

20E 180 120W 60W

Lon (deg)

U70

I 60
50
40

Figure 103: Mean 3-10 Day Filtered 200mb Kinetic Energy (m2/s2)
for JJA (top) and SON (bottom)

108

<

o

\

U

IlO

o

1 '

X

s= 1

o If

— 1

g

CM ft.

U-

0

ItO

TZ

Ji

1)

u

JrO

E

-C

~

s

c

<

l0^

o

o 1

00 i

S

cd

,— 1

<_i

C-

c

0

|LO

<u

Pq

•y.

C

u.

— ,

: '

u

n

H

•—

Tl

c

O

•—

•_

LU

|C7)

<D

O

CM

LJ_

in
i

Q

IT)
CO

LO

c

TJ

PH

(1 )

h»

1

bf)

cn

K)

C

(1)

r3

>

O

2

LU

en

O
CD

C
o

l-H

o
o

o
o

CM

o o o o o ooo
o o o ooooo

o

o

o

O

o

O OOOO

o

o

o

O

o

O OOOO

—

CM

ro

■3"

LT)

to r^oocro

(qui) ssajj

(qui) sssjj

109

O

t>5
\

U

r-

.2

in

IT)

^^

m

c

(1)

r^

m

—

1>

>

s

UJ

CX)

CD
CO

in

u

—
W3

o
o

o
o

o o o ooooo
o o o oooco

o

o

O

O

o

o oooo

O

o

C 3

t j

C 3

o oooo

«—

CM

to

^T

in

(£> r--COCTO

(qui) ssajj

(qui) SS3JJ

110

f o
to

ho
to

O

CD

Q
OC

o

ID

O

<

o

00

CD

r^

;:■,;■■;:■■

n
y.

C 1

x^::'x

g

£&M

o

<X>

-I

o

•

lO

s

E

CNJ

o

CD

O
00

a

_! o

C O
O -O

Si

U-, -a

o o o o o o
o o o o o o

*- CM ro ■<*■ iD CD

o o o o
o o o o
r~- oo en o

oooooooooo
oooooooooo

■— CNrO^LDtOr^OOCDO

(qiU) SS3JJ

(qui) ssajj

11!

z

C
en

n
r.

i

o

_;

to

a

c

6

* K

o •

CM |i

1 °

s?

Zonal
(botto

|o

^Z

| CI j

Flux (
ndSO

o 1

15 «

oo |f

' >

O Oh

o

CD

O

o

<u <C

-t— I

•—

c

n

OJ

VM

s.

c

z

r3

1/1

h-

in

i

—j

z

O

1/,

•—.

m

u

~* '

13

1)

Uh

M

^,

c3
•—

r3

u

Q

>

o

— i

CO

r-'

O

— i

o

•—

3

t/j

u-

o o o o o o
o o o o o o

^ <n n ^- in id

o o o o
o o o o
r-^ oo CD o

oooooooooo
oooooooooo

^CNr-OTj-LncDr^oOCDO

r

qUl) SS3J<J

(qui) ssajj

112

<

u

OJ

-i 1 1 1 1 i 1 r

ooooooooo

-i r

«- cNm^Lncor-oocn*—
ooooooooo

o

S-

<

—

O

U-

3

•—

,c

>n

in

i

in

m

x)
o

CO

—
>

c
u

S-

2

C

-

PA3^ BUI3IJS

pA9q uuiSts

113

<

0

^J

z

o

C/5

u

o

Oi

-i 1 1 1 r

*— CNiro-^-Lncor^oocn^
ooooooooo

-i 1 1 1 1 r-

i— CNiro^t-LncDr-coai'—
ooooooooo

o

o

3

Oh

c

<

in

in

i

in
m

<U

bO

r3
•—
U
>

r3

^3
X

bfl

c

S3

73

cd

u

O

u

•—

bO

|9A9q ^UJ§|S

|3A3q BUlSlS

14

{a(Z25()Vl()} (m)

AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL

AUG

SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL

%l 1

60 70 80

Lon (deg)

{U250} (m/s)

30 35 40

Lon (des)

Figure 1 10: 3-10 Day Filtered Standard Deviation of 250mb Geopotential

Heignt (m) (top) and Monthly Mean 250mb Zonal

Wind (m/s)(bottom), averaged 30N-50N.

115

9. Tropical Processes

U

N

'C ''SI*

ooooooooo

o

<

.2

— >

u

s—

u

c

0

N

0)

O-— CNi-O-^-LncDr^-oocn'—

ooooooooo

c

xa

• — ■

2

r> J

xi

m 2

c

~o

£

c

,

rt

n

- — s

g

Cl,

o

0

s.

I -

CJ

U-

j=.

' — )

Q

o

•__

03

c

— 1

'-i-i

z;

y.

*— '

—
C

o

71

13
>

E

~

03

C

„r.

rt

rt

•—

s.

rr|

Fl

E

03

—

o
u

■—
c

v.

03

„

£

Y<

0

c

n

o

00

C

Q
C
r i

ri

o/j -a

g3

u

■—

a)

S3

>

U

-

C/3

„

v.

c

K!

c

£

rt

>,

——

.

—>

■ i

Z

u

03

>

—

a3

-:

C

'>

c

N

03

c

>

03

H

03

S-H

[3A3"] £UJ§[S

|9A9q eui§is

<

O

U

~

c
N

<=.

-i 1 r ' i i i — i—

ooooooooo

4-o

o
in

c

as

U

■—

u

C

N

-*- — < < <-

1 4

5

0

— i

— '

0

-C

s— -'

/-.

n

C

—

m

C/3

c

T3

G

£

S3

r^

■ '

ri

Ui

n

c

s

<

r

o

•—

T3

/

3

■~

^

o

ri

' 1

M

(1)

s3

>

h'

T3

a)

: ■

Kl

j-

■n

./".

—

1)

S3

c

a

1

E

o

n

o

■

•—

■*— ►

.

/

1)

X.

X3

3
IN

2

■

_-

y:

c

C

3

ri

r j

—

>.

(U

£3

—

•_

QJ

•-

S3
y.

S3

S3

>.

:j

O

—

0

u

<L>

>

r3

C

S3

r;

U

X

i->

r

<u

S3

>

r i

<u

-

—

—

3

M

-

pA9q ^iuSts

|3A3q BUI51S

117

2

u

^J

<

>.

a

U

O^

1

ro

T

lO

tc

r-^

00

CT: *

O

O

O

o

O

o

o

a

O

-I — ' I ~~1 1 — -I —

ooooooooo

c

<

-a
c

D-

O

U-

03

C

I

Z

o

X3
<D
C/J
S3
Wh
U
>

"S3
\

(30

c

U

5

bfl

[3a3^ eiu^is

[9A9"] BUlSlJS

18

T°

<

>.

OJ

z

o

u

o

OJ

£

o
— i

o
O

c
-1,

c
o

CO

c

T3
O
bfl

—

>
7!

-z
"a
\

M

C

X

y.

<0

■—

oooodoooo

J3A3"| EUlBl$

|3A3q eui§is

119

{)U_ inn) ( lxl° m2/s) Model Year 4

Lon (deg)

Figure 115: 250mb Velocity Potential ( 1x10 m2/s) filtered to retain periodicities of
20-100 days, averaged ION- 1 OS, for model year 4

120

{%20_100} (lxl(f m2/s) Model Year 7

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Lon (deg)

Figure 1 16: 250mb Velocity Potential (1x10 m2/s) filtered to retain periodicities of
20-100 days, averaged 10N-10S. for model year 7

121

<: U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1996—774-842

ADDDDEM7Et171D

ADDDDEM7ET71D